Pathology is a branch of medical science primarily concerning the examination of organs, tissues, and bodily fluids in order to make a diagnosis of disease. Pathology is a major field in modern medical practice and health care. Pathology outlines the disease condition and treatment by using different pathology laboratory techniques. Pathology is used in the diagnosis, treatment and management of an increasing range of clinical conditions. Pathology investigations are an integral part of the clinical consultation and procedural process with overseas studies indicating that 70-80 per cent of all health care decisions affecting diagnosis or treatment involve a pathology investigation. 40% of pathology testing is used for diagnostic purposes, 40% for monitoring and 20% for preventative purposes.
Clinical Pathology is a medical specialty that is concerned with the diagnosis of disease based on the laboratory analysis of bodily fluids. Clinical Pathology is one of the major classifications of Pathology. Clinical Pathology is accomplished through practical diagnosis of disease based on the laboratory analysis. Clinical Pathology is also useful in diagnosis of recent out broken diseases like Zika fever which is caused by zika virus. Zika virus is transmitted to people primarily through the bite of an infected Aedes species mosquito. Clinical Pathology so far covers the diagnostic testing, Implications of cancer patients, Prognostic value, clinical and non-clinical toxicology testing, Clinical finding of cancer and other disease. It emerges other subtopic like Neuropathology.
Dermatopathology is a joint subspecialty of dermatology and pathology and to a lesser extent of surgical pathology that focuses on the study of cutaneous diseases at a microscopic and molecular level. It also encompasses analyses of the potential causes of skin diseases at a basic level. In fact, most of them are trained primarily in dermatology themselves. Dermatologists are able to recognize most skin diseases based on their appearances, anatomic distributions, and behavior. Sometimes, however, those criteria do not allow a conclusive diagnosis to be made, and a skin biopsy is taken to be examined under the microscope or subject to other molecular tests. That process reveals the histology of the disease and results in a specific diagnostic interpretation. In some cases, additional specialized testing needs to be performed on biopsies, including immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy, flow cytometry, and molecular-pathologic analysis.
Renal Pathology is a subtopic of anatomical pathology that with the diagnosis and characterization of kidney related diseases. The renal pathology research findings are associated with light microscopy, electron microscopy and immunofluorescence to obtain the accurate diagnosis. Renal Pathology or kidney pathology covers the topics toxic tubular necrosis, renal carcinomas, Diabetic glomerulosclerosis and other kidney related diseases examined under microscope or molecular testing. Renal pathology in nephrology, toxins, tumors and Pathology of lupus glomerulonephritis are also very important research topics for renal pathology. Medical renal diseases may affect the glomerulus, the tubules and interstitium, the vessels, or a combination of these compartments.
Surgical pathology is the investigation of tissues expelled from living patients amid surgery to help analyze a malady and focus a treatment arrangement. Regularly, the surgical pathologist gives consultation benefits in a wide assortment of organ indications and subspecialties. Surgical pathologists give symptomatic data and/or second conclusions. Case in point, when performing breast cancer surgery, a surgical pathologist's examination of tissues separated during the surgery can help the specialist to figure out if to evacuate lymph nodes under the arm, also. Surgical pathology incorporates both the physical examination of the tissue with the bare eye, and inspecting handled tissue under a magnifying instrument.
Anatomical pathology is the major field of pathology that deals with the study of the morphologic characteristics of disease. Functional Pathology concerns with the analysis of tissue and organ based macro or microscopic testing. The most recent analysis undergoes from the following topics like advanced biosafety practices, Radiofrequency identification & specimen tracking, Anatomical Pathology of sexually transmitted diseases and Multi-model anatomical pathology. Anatomic pathology is a therapeutic subject that is concerned with the analysis of disease based on the microscopic, macroscopic, biochemical, immunologic and molecular examination of organs and tissues.
Molecular pathology is an emerging discipline within pathology which is concentrated in the study and conclusion of ailment through the examination of molecules within organs, tissues or bodily fluids. Molecular pathology imparts a few parts of practice with drug development, disease management strategies and is sometimes considered a crossover discipline. It is multi-disciplinary in nature and concentrates primarily on the sub-minute parts of diseases. A key consideration is that more accurate diagnosis is possible when the diagnosis is based on both the morphologic changes in tissues and on molecular testing of diseases like cancer. In this sub topics Molecular pathology is very useful in drug development and cancer.
Cytopathology is the process of screening routine exfoliative & FNA cases and includes actual glass slide screening, discussion on cytomorphology and diagnostic issues in cytopathology of various anatomical sites. Cytopathology is the study of cells shed in bodily fluids or obtained through scraping. A smear detects cancer and other types of infections. The cells are taken by swabbing the cervix, and are then processed and examined under a microscope to identify abnormalities.
Breast cancer occurs in breast tissue, most commonly in the cells that line the milk ducts of the breast. When cells of breast activate to grow out of control it leads to tumor. It mainly affects women but similarly occur in men. Tumor that develops from breast cells is known as Breast Cancer. In females universally breast cancer is the most common invasive cancer. Tumor formed by these cells can be seen on an x-ray or felt as a lump. When tumor cells develop into surrounding tissues and spread to distant parts of the body it become malignant. Most of the time the ducts which carry milk to nipple act as site for breast cancer. It may also start from the glands that produce breast milk. Sarcomas and lymphomas are not really considered as breast cancer.
Hematopathology is a subspecialty of pathology. Hematopathology concern with the study of hematopoietic cells diseases and hematological disorders. A wide range of diagnosis test are done in Acute and chronic leukemia, Myelodysplastic syndromes, Myeloproliferative disorders, Anemias, Benign bone marrow and lymph node disorders, B-cell lymphomas and T-cell lymphomas and Cutaneous lymphomas.
Immunopathology is the study of diseases having an immunologic or adverse susceptible premise. It is the thing that patients encounter when they combat a contamination. Resistant outline has two lines of barrier: inborn invulnerability and versatile insusceptibility. Manifestations of immunopathology are exceptional to a patient and can include: muscle shortcoming, photosensitivity, weariness, rash, migraine, ringing in the ears, torment anyplace, deadness, sinus clog, queasiness, and looseness of the bowels, , toothache, nasal stuffiness, and influenza like body ache, hack, crabbiness, stoppage, sorrow, rest unsettling influences, fever/chills, and "cerebrum mist"