Climate Change and Climatology

This is a branch of the atmospheric sciences concerned with both the depiction of climate and the analysis of the causes of climatic differences and changes and their practical consequences. It includes the methodical and regional studies of atmospheric conditions i.e. weather and climate. Both climatology and meteorology are branches of physical science that deal with the weather. While they are related to one another in many ways, they aren’t the same thing. Dynamic climatology is the study of large-scale patterns and how they can be used to understand global weather. The physical processes such as evaporation, cloud formation, and more deals with the study of physical climatology.

• global temprature
• increase in the frequency of extreme weather events
• atmosphere
• Climate change
• Greenhouse emissions
• Positive radiative forces
• Plate tectonics
• Volcanic eruptions.
• Radioactive Gases
• Aerosols
• Humidity

Evidence of Climate Changes

Many appearances of logical proof show the Earth's atmosphere is progressing. In this, it demonstrates the most recent data from several independent proportions of watched common change that portray an overwhelmingly influencing story in regards to a planet that is experiencing far-reaching temperature support. Our reality is getting all the more blasting. Over the range of the most recent 100 years, the average by and the large surface temperature has moved to around 0.74C. For experts looking at the effects of normal change, such solicitation - and answers - are steadily being amended and refined as more data is amassed, models are changed, and inputs are better jumped on.

• Sea level rises
• Ocean heat content
• Global temperature rise
• Warming oceans
• Ocean Acidification
• Ozone layer
• Shifting ranges of plants and animals

Global Warming Effects and Causes

Increase in temperatures, ocean levels rising, and a lot of common and intense extreme weather events are imposing because of warming. Environmental and social variations caused by human emissions of greenhouse gases are the results of worldwide warming. Comprehensive, durable and in several cases, disturbing is predicted to the results of worldwide warming. There’s a growth in average air temperatures close to the surface of Earth over the past one to 2 centuries. Global climate change affects all regions around the world. Ocean intensities are rising because of the melting of Polar ice shields. The foremost impact of global climate change may be clearly seen within the increased temperatures

• Nuclear Reactions
• Radioactive Waste
• Circulation of atmospheric winds
• Circulation of oceanic currents
• Green House Gases and effect
• Forest degradation
• Carbon dioxide emissions
• Oxygen depletion in oceans
• Abrupt or irreversible changes
• Solar Impact
• Global Warming

Renewable Energy & Resources

There are numerous types of sustainable power sources. The majority of these sustainable power sources depend somehow on daylight. Wind and hydroelectric power are the immediate consequence of differential warming of the Earth's surface which prompts air moving about (wind) and precipitation framing as the air is lifted. Sun oriented vitality is the immediate change of daylight utilizing boards or gatherers. Biomass vitality is put away daylight contained in plants. Other sustainable power sources that don't rely upon daylight are geothermal vitality, or, in other words of radioactive rot in the outside joined with the first warmth of accumulating the Earth, and tidal vitality, or, in other words of gravitational vitality. Meeting with the world wide expectation, renewable energy has evolved a lot. The use of renewable can be seen in day to day life basically in four areas of electricity generation, air and water heating and cooling transportation and rural(off-grid) energy services. The existence of this energy has been finding across a wide geographical area as compared to other energy sources. Large application of renewable energy has resulted in significant improvement in energy security, climate change mitigation, and economic benefits. The use of renewable energy has directed people to move forward from conventional fuels due to environmental reasons. Renewable energy can be defined as a form of energy derived from natural sources that cannot be depleted such as wind or solar power. They are the natural energy present in all forms ranging from sunlight, wind, waves, geothermal heat and tides. Their sources are replaced constantly but does not get short. Although there is an unlimited supply of fossil fuels, we should go for the use of renewable energy as it is not only safe for the environment, eco-friendly but also less prone to pollutants if any. The development of renewable technologies has led to human development both way rural and urban. A single form of renewable energy can be further converted into different forms. It won’t be wrong to say that renewable energy is leading to sustainable development.

• Wind energy
• Hydro Power
• Bio energy
• Biomass Conversion
• Geothermal Technology
• Wave, Tide and Ocean Thermal Energies
• Hydrogen Production Technology and Fuel Cells
• Solar and Low Energy Architecture

Green Energy & Economy

In many countries, green energy presently provides a very little bit of which principally involves natural energetic processes that are able to be controlled with little or no pollution. Anaerobic digestion, geothermal power, wind power, small-scale hydropower, alternative energy, biomass power, recurrent event power, wave power, and many sorts of nuclear power belongs to green energy. Some definitions might embody power derived from the combustion of waste. In several countries with initiative arrangements, electricity selling arrangements build it manageable for patrons to shop for green electricity from either their utility or a green power provider. The science-approach trades are proposed to address the prerequisite for better two-way affiliation and correspondence at the science-methodology interface on natural change issues, particularly on alteration. To develop a regulatory strategy, set up engaging authorization and authoritative checks, and set up necessity frameworks.

• Green Industrial Technology
• Green energy and social benefits
• Green Energy in transport
• Green Buildings and Infrastructures
• Green Policies and Programmes
• Greenhouse gas abatement costs and potentials
• Green Power
• Greening Urbanization and Urban Settlements

Biofuels & Bioenergy

A Biofuel is a fuel that is created through contemporary biological progressions, such as agriculture and anaerobic digestion, rather than a fuel produced by geological processes such as those involved in the formation of relic fuels, such as coal and petroleum, from primeval biological matter. Bioenergy is Green energy created from natural, biological sources. These sources can be any form of organic matter that stores sunshine as chemical energy. Numerous natural sources, such as plants, animals, and their by-products, can be valuable resources. Modern knowledge even makes landfills or waste zones potential Bioenergy resources.

• Biocatalysis and Bioenergy
• Quantitative assessment of Bioenergy
• Bioenergy feedstock
• Stump harvesting for bioenergy
• Bioenergy Conversion
• Development of bioenergy technology
• Life cycle assessment of bioenergy system
• Bio hydrogen
• Bio refineries
• Biofuels in Transport and Renewable Heat
• Bio alcohols and Bioethanol
• Bioenergy cropping systems

Recycling & Waste Management

RECYCLING is the way toward gathering and preparing materials that would some way or another be discarded like garbage and transforming them into new items. Reusing can profit your locale and the earth. Fruitful recycling additionally relies upon makers making items from recuperated materials and, thus, buyers buying items made of recyclable materials. Does your part "close the circle" and purchase items made of reused materials at whatever point conceivable. Reusing is the way toward gathering and handling materials that would somehow or another be discarded as junk and transforming them into new items. Lessen, Recycling and Reuse of material assets, including round economy. Electronic waste or e-waste is a term used to depict any electronic gadget that is obsolete, out of date, broken, gave, disposed of, or toward the finish of its helpful life. This incorporates phones, PCs, workstations, PDAs, screens, TVs, printers, scanners, and some other electrical gadgets. One of the significant difficulties is reusing the printed circuit sheets from the electronic squanders. The circuit sheets contain such valuable metals as gold, silver, platinum, and so on and such base metals as copper, iron, aluminum, and so forth. Waste management is the method of treating solid wastes and offers a type of solution for utilization things that don’t belong to trash. It’s concerning however bin be used as a valuable resource. Waste management is some things that every and each ménage and business owner within the world wants. Waste management disposes of the product and substances that you just have used in a very safe and economical manner. Waste management or Waste disposal is all the activities and actions needed to manage waste from its beginning to its final disposal. This includes amongst alternative things, collection, transport, treatment and disposal of waste along with watching and regulation. It conjointly encompasses the legal and restrictive framework that relates to waste management encompassing steerage on utilization etc.

• Waste minimization
• Reusing Materials
• Hazardous wastes
• Environmental degradation
• Eliminating Waste
• Electronics waste and its types
• Mobile phone recycling
• Effect of E-waste

Greenhouse Gases

Many chemical compounds gift in Earth's atmosphere behave as 'greenhouse gases'. These square measure gases which permit direct daylight (relative shortwave energy) to succeed in the Earth's surface unobstructed. Because the shortwave energy (that within the visible and ultraviolet portion of the spectra) heats the surface, longer-wave (infrared) energy (heat) is reradiated to the atmosphere. Greenhouse gases absorb this energy, thereby permitting less heat to flee back to the house, and 'trapping' it within the lower atmosphere. Several greenhouse gases occur naturally within the atmosphere, like dioxide, methane, vapour, and laughing gas, whereas others square measure artificial. Those who square measure synthetic embody the chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and Perfluorocarbons (PFCs), likewise as fluoride (SF6). Region concentrations of each natural and synthetic gases are raising over the previous few centuries because of the commercial revolution. Because the world population has hyperbolic and our reliance on fossil fuels (such as coal, oil and natural gas) has been firmly coagulated, thus emissions of those gases have up. Whereas gases like dioxide occur naturally within the atmosphere, through our interference with the carbon cycle (through burning forest lands, or mining and burning coal), we tend to unnaturally move carbon from solid storage to its gassy state, thereby increasing region concentrations. Greenhouse gases are those that absorb and emit infrared radiation in the wavelength range emitted by Earth. In order, the most abundant greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere.

• Chlorofluorocarbons
• Water vapor
• Carbon dioxide
• Methane
• Nitrous oxide
• Ozone
• Hydrofluorocarbons

Environmental Toxicology

Environmental toxicology deals with the adverse effects of environmental toxicants on health and the environment. Environmental toxicants are agents released into the overall environment that can cause adverse effects on health. The word “health” here refers to not only social health but also the health of animals and plants. The study of environmental toxicology stems from the recognition that Human survival depends upon the well-being of other species and upon the availability of clean air, water and food, and Anthropogenic chemicals as well as naturally occurring chemicals can have detrimental effects on existing organisms and ecological processes. Environmental toxicology is thus concerned with how environmental toxicants, through their contact with humans, animals, and plants, influence the health and welfare of these organisms.

• The Emission Energies
• Black body
• Sources of environmental toxicity
• Emission properties of the sun
• Governing Policies on Environmental Toxicity
• PCBs

Climate Hazards

Climate and climate-related hazards such as floods, storms, and droughts have served as trigger events for more than 75% of the disasters that have occurred globally over the past decade. Proportionately, these disasters affect the least developed countries most intensely, proving to be especially harmful to poverty-stricken populations.

• Tsunami and floods
• Drought and heatwaves
• Forest fire events
• Warming Gulf of Marine Waters
• Earthquakes

Climate Change : Causes, Effects & its Law Policies

Human action is the fundamental driver of environmental change. Individuals consume petroleum derivatives and convert arrive from timberlands to farming. Since the start of the Industrial Revolution, individuals have consumed an ever-increasing number of petroleum derivatives and changed tremendous territories of land from woods to farmland. Burning non-renewable energy sources produces carbon dioxide, an ozone harming substance. It is known as an ozone-depleting substance since it delivers a "nursery impact". The nursery impact makes the earth hotter, similarly as a nursery is hotter than its surroundings. Carbon dioxide is the primary driver of human-incited environmental change. It remains in the air for quite a while. Other ozone-depleting substances, for example, nitrous oxide, remain in the environment for quite a while. Different substances just create here and now effects. Not all substances deliver warming. A few, similar to specific pressurized canned products, can deliver cooling. Climate Change Policies: Climate change increases critical social, natural and legitimate challenges. The health administration system applying to climate change is complex and multi-level. Worldwide climate change presents one of the most troublesome issues the worldwide community has ever stood up to. The most critical feature of climate change as a policy issue is instability. From climatology to financial matters, instabilities are unavoidable, huge and troublesome to resolve. In any case, the modern financial hypothesis of the natural approach under instability gives a clear guide to the plan of a suitable arrangement. A productive and viable approach would be a hybrid that consolidates the leading highlights of tradable grants and emissions charges.

• Agricultural trade
• Average Temperatures
• Anthropogenic
• Improved Varieties
• Global climate strategies and policies
• Opportunities for global trading in green consumer goods and services
• Carbon Pricing and Markets

Climate Change: Biodiversity Scenarios & Manifestation

In the air, gases, for example, water vapor, carbon dioxide, ozone, and methane act like the glass top of a nursery by catching warmth and warming the planet. These gases are called ozone harming substances. The regular levels of these gases are being enhanced by discharges coming about because of human exercises, for example, the copying of non-renewable energy sources, cultivating exercises and land-utilize changes. Thus, the Earth's surface and lower climate are warming, and this ascent in temperature is joined by numerous different changes. Manifestation of Climatic Change: The extraordinary warmth wave condition that is clearing crosswise over India could be another indication of an outrageous climate occasion, say analysts from the New Delhi-based research and support association, Centre for Science and Environment (CSE). Around 2,000 individuals have been slaughtered in India by this climate condition. In the most noticeably awful influenced conditions of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, the greatest temperatures have floated around a burning 45 degrees Celsius. According to CSE, a warmth wave is proclaimed when the temperature is five degrees or more than the normal temperature recorded on that specific day throughout the most recent three decades. Urban areas feel the brunt of the hoisted temperatures, due to the amplified impact of cleared surfaces and an absence of tree cover – this is known as the "urban warmth island impact".

• Tropical Systems
• Anthropogenic Emission
• Climatic Effects of Deforestation
• Electromagnetic Radiation
• Canned Heat
• Ultraviolet Energy
• Shortwave Light
• Energy moves in the climatic system
• Tropical rain forest
• Tropical forest Ecology

CO2 Capture and Sequestration & Carbon Cycle

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the primary greenhouse gas emitted through human activities. In 2013, CO2 accounted for about 82% of all U.S. greenhouse gas emissions from human activities. Carbon dioxide is naturally present in the atmosphere as part of the Earth's carbon cycle (the natural circulation of carbon among the atmosphere, oceans, soil, plants, and animals). Carbon dioxide is constantly being exchanged among the atmosphere, ocean, and land surface as it is both produced and absorbed by many microorganisms, plants, and animals. However, emissions and removal of CO2 by these natural processes tend to balance. Carbon Cycle: The global carbon cycle operates through a variety of response and feedback mechanisms, responses of the carbon cycle to changing CO2 concentrations. Anthropogenic CO2 by the ocean is primarily governed by ocean circulation and carbonate chemistry. Changes in marine biology brought about by changes in calcification at low pH could increase the clean uptake of CO2 by a few percentage points.

• Role of carbon dioxide in glacial cycles
• Carbon cycle re-balancing
• Permafrost carbon cycle
• Snowball Earth and the "Slow carbon cycle"
• Zero gravity environment
• Space missions
• Space based radar
• Impacts of increasing CO2 on other systems
• Astronomical observatories

Risks of Climate Change

Climate change is expected to hit developing countries the hardest. Its effects—higher temperatures, changes in precipitation patterns, rising sea levels, and more frequent weather-related disasters—pose risks for agriculture, food, and water supplies. At stake are recent gains in the fight against poverty, hunger and disease, and the lives and livelihoods of billions of people in developing countries. Addressing climate change requires unprecedented global cooperation across borders. Historical societal adaptations to climate fluctuations may provide insights on potential responses of modern societies to future climate change that has a bearing on water resources, food production, and management of natural systems. The average air temperature will increase as the earth becomes hotter. This will cause shifts in normal weather and rainfall patterns. For example, some areas may become drier, while others may become wetter. The average temperature of the sea surface will increase, which may cause coral bleaching and changes in fish distribution. Sea level will rise in many locations due to a combination of the melting of land ice in Antarctica and other areas and the expansion of ocean waters as they warm. As the level of the sea rises, this may impact the coastline and increase the intensity of storm surges. Weather patterns including storms, drought, rainy seasons, and dry seasons will change in different ways in different places and may result in more extreme events.

• Ecological Impact
• Water resources
• Human health
• Hurricanes and Tornadoes
• Local weather
• Effects of Sea level change
• Coasts
• Drought

Solutions for Climate Change

We have to step up our use of clean energy like wind, wave, tidal and solar energy. Fortunately, there is practical, achievable action we can take now to minimize the number of greenhouse gases reaching the upper atmosphere. We have to low carbon economy with minimal usage of fossil fuels. And our research displays that we already have the potential to produce everything we need to get us where – we’re just lacking the political action and investment to support a clean energy future. The most important thing we can do here is to reduce the number of fossil fuels we use. The extent of a hazardous environmental deviation can dispirit and demoralizing, which might once have the capacity to an individual, or even one nation, manage without any other person to direct and switch ecological change, Fortunately, we know unequivocally what ought to be done to stop natural change - and the developments we require starting at now exist. With the right game plans at national and close-by levels, we would have the ability to send them on a huge.

• Forego fossil fuels
• Stop cutting down trees
• Reuse energy resources
• Reduce greenhouse gas emissions

Oceanography & Marine Biology

Oceanography is the study of the ocean and all its complex relationships with the planet. This includes the study of weather, ocean currents, and sea life, and every other topic associated with the ocean. Marine Biology: Marine biology is the scientific study of marine life, organisms in the sea. Given that in biology many phyla, families, and genera have some species that live in the sea and others that live on land, marine biology classifies species based on the environment rather than on taxonomy.

• Climatology
• Hydrology
• Meteorology
• Glaciology
• Biogeochemistry
• Biogeography
• MetOcean
• Coastal geography
• Geophysics

Coastal oceanography : Environment, Ecology & Resources

Coastal oceanography includes the study of the physics, chemistry, ecology, and geology of the coastal ocean. The coastal ocean is the place where the continents meet with the open ocean; therefore it serves as a “bridge” for transporting organic and inorganic, natural and anthropogenic materials between the land and sea. Knowledge of the coastal ocean is very essential for the safe and efficient conduct of maritime trade, and for the defence of coastal nations and attacks by maritime powers. Coastal Environment: The coastal environment around the world is made up of a wide variety of landforms manifested in a spectrum of sizes and shapes ranging from gently sloping beaches to high cliffs and from bars to off-shore islands Coastal environment is defined as area present between ocean and land interface includes zone of shallow water and area landward of this zone. Coastal Ecology: The coastal ecology group performs research in coastal ecosystems in relation to climate change and other human influences and also aims in reducing the effects of eutrophication, e.g. fisheries and invasive species. Habitat restoration in marine areas is a new field of research. Coastal areas are characterized by involving both commercial and recreational interests and in relation to nature conservation. Coastal Resources: They have a tremendous recreational and biological value which includes terrestrial and marine ecosystems like islands, wetlands, Grasslands and shrub hubs, barrier islands, transitional and intertidal areas, estuaries, floodplains, salt marshes, beaches, dunes, and coral reefs, as well as fish and wildlife and their habitats.

• Coastal Upwelling
• Estuaries and Land Runoff
• Larval Dispersal and Biological Oceanography
• Nearshore Oceanography and Hydrodynamics
• Ocean Observing Systems
• Physical Oceanography

Oceans and Climate change

Human-initiated climate change threatens coastal and marine environments through rising in sea-level, evaporation, and changes in climate patterns and water temperatures. Plastic pollution is one of the major threats to the Ocean and marine activities such as oil platforms and aquaculture. Oceans and climate are indivisibly associated and playing a fundamental part in directing climate change by serving as a major heat and carbon sink. Our oceans are particularly defenseless to the adverse impacts of human emanations of greenhouse gases. Since the growth of Industrial Transformation, mankind has expanded the acidity of our oceans by 30% and has expanded the sum of carbon dioxide in our climate by over 30%-40%, essentially from the burning of fossil fuels. Other human activities have brought about extra major commitments of greenhouse gases, such as methane and nitrous oxides. Polar vortex defines climate change.

• The effects on ocean life
• Ocean Policies that tackle the issues of global climate change

Ocean Biogeochemistry & Acidification

Ocean biogeochemistry deals with the biogeochemical processes and also the boundaries of the ocean layer. Its aim is to publish the main sights in all aspects of ocean biogeochemistry in both the self-ocean and open ocean. It deals with the role of the ocean in the biogeochemical cycling of some selected elements and how these cyclings are affected by human activities. Ocean acidification: Due to anthropogenic activities, the percentage of CO2 is increasing in the atmosphere. Such as fossil fuel use causes decreasing the pH of ocean water, this process is called ocean acidification. With the increase of CO2emission, the acidification of the ocean is likely to be increased. It is harmful for marine ecosystems and on sustainable marine resource management. Therefore carbon dioxide level increases in the atmosphere then the level of carbon dioxide in the ocean also increases too.

Marine Pollution

Marine pollution is a combination of chemicals and trash, most of which comes from land sources and is washed or blown into the ocean. This pollution results in damage to the environment, to the health of all organisms, and to economic structures worldwide. The pollution often comes from nonpoint sources such as agricultural runoff, wind-blown debris, and dust. Pollution in large bodies of water can be aggravated by physical phenomena like wind-driven Langmuir circulation and their biological effects. Nutrient pollution, a form of water pollution, refers to contamination by excessive inputs of nutrients. It is a primary cause of eutrophication of surface waters, in which excess nutrients, usually nitrates or phosphates, stimulate algae growth. Many potentially toxic chemicals adhere to tiny particles which are then taken up by plankton and benthic animals, most of which are either deposit feeders or filter feeders. In this way, the toxins are concentrated upward within ocean food chains. Many particles combine chemically in a manner highly depletive of oxygen, causing estuaries to become anoxic.

• Ship pollution
• Deep sea mining
• Acidification
• Eutrophication
• Plastic debris
• Toxins
• Underwater noise
• Direct discharge
• Land runoff
• Atmospheric pollution

Pollution

Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that cause adverse change- Pollution can take the form of chemical substances or energy, such as noise, heat, or light. Pollutants, the components of pollution, can be either foreign substances/energies or naturally occurring contaminants. Pollution is often classed as point source or nonpoint source pollution. In 2015, pollution killed 9 million people worldwide

Major forms of pollution include air pollution, light pollution, litter, noise pollution, plastic pollution, soil contamination, radioactive contamination, thermal pollution, visual pollution, and water pollution.

Geoscience

Earth science or geoscience includes all fields of natural science related to planet Earth. This is a branch of science dealing with the physical and chemical constitution of Earth and its atmosphere. Earth science can be considered to be a branch of planetary science, but with a much older history. Earth science encompasses four main branches of study, the lithosphere, the hydrosphere, the atmosphere, and the biosphere, each of which is further broken down into more specialized fields.There are both reductionist and holistic approaches to Earth sciences. It is also the study of Earth and its neighbors in space. Some Earth scientists use their knowledge of the planet to locate and develop energy and mineral resources. Others study the impact of human activity on Earth's environment, and design methods to protect the planet. Some use their knowledge about Earth processes such as volcanoes, earthquakes, and hurricanes to plan communities that will not expose people to these dangerous events.

Biofuels and Bioenergy

Bioenergy will remain crucial over the next decade in order to reach the renewable energy targets in 2020, which is why the EU member states incorporated the bioenergy option in their National Renewable Energy Action Plans (NREAPs). As the JRC aims to provide independent scientific advice related to the production and use of biofuels, it assesses the environmental sustainability, evaluates the technological developments, estimates the land use change due to an increased biofuels demand, calculates the direct and indirect emissions from biofuels, land use change and different bioenergy pathways. The JRC likewise analyses the availability of straw and other types of biomass for energy purposes.

green house effect

The greenhouse effect is a natural process that warms the Earth’s surface. When the Sun’s energy reaches the Earth’s atmosphere, some of it is reflected back to space and the rest is absorbed and re-radiated by greenhouse gases.Greenhouse gases include water vapour, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, ozone and some artificial chemicals such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs).The absorbed energy warms the atmosphere and the surface of the Earth. This process maintains the Earth’s temperature at around 33 degrees Celsius warmer than it would otherwise be, allowing life on Earth to exist.

climate hazards agents

Climatic hazards are agents of disaster in terms of what they may do to human settlements or to the environment. Potentially hazardous atmospheric phenomena include tropical cyclones, thunderstorms, tornadoes, drought, rain, hail, snow, lightning, fog, wind, temperature extremes, air pollution, and climatic change.