Acute Coronary Syndromes (ACS)
Acute coronary syndrome describes a extend of conditions related with sudden, reduced blood flow to the heart. The blockage can be sudden and happen in one instant, or it may come and go over a period of time. The condition happens due to the buildup of greasy stores in and on the dividers of the coronary arteries. These supply routes are mindful for conveying oxygen and supplements to heart muscles. Heart muscles require a unfaltering and consistent supply of oxygen-rich blood to operate. A blood clot is the foremost common cause of a blocked coronary artery. Acute coronary syndrome is used to describe three types of coronary artery disease:

• Unstable angina
• Non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction or heart attack (NSTEMI)
• ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction or heart attack (STEMI)

Arrhythmia & EP
The term "arrhythmia" refers to any change from the normal sequence of electrical impulses. The electrical impulses may happen too fast, too slowly, or erratically – causing the heart to beat too fast, too slowly, or erratically. When the heart doesn't beat properly, it can't pump blood effectively. When the heart doesn't pump blood effectively, the lungs, brain and all other organs can't work properly and may shut down or be damaged.

• Electrophysiology studies test the electrical activity of your heart to find where an arrhythmia (abnormal heartbeat) is coming from.
• These results can help you and your doctor decide whether you need medicine, a pacemaker, an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD), cardiac ablation or surgery.
• These studies take place in a special room called an electrophysiology (EP) lab or catheterization (cath) lab while you are mildly sedated.

Atrial Fibrillation
Atrial fibrillation could be a common irregular heart beat that happens when electrical impulses fire off from diverse places within the atria in a disrupted way. This causes the atria to twitch, and is felt as an sporadic pulse or beat. Atrial fibrillation could be a major cause of stroke. Heart’s pumping activity is controlled by minor electrical messages created by a portion of the heart called the sinus hub. The sinus hub is in some cases called your heart’s ‘natural pacemaker’. Normally, the electrical messages are sent out routinely, with each message telling your heart to contract and pump blood around your body. Usually felt as a typical, normal pulse, or pulse. Atrial fibrillation happens since, as well as the sinus hub sending out standard electrical motivations, distinctive places in and around the atria too creates electrical messages, in an awkward way. These numerous, unpredictable messages make the atria tremble or twitch, which is known as fibrillation. This can be felt as an unpredictable and some of the time quick pulse or pulse.

Cardiovascular Risk Reduction
Cardiovascular disease is a major cause of disability and premature death throughout the world, and contributes substantially to the escalating costs of health care. The underlying pathology is atherosclerosis, which develops over many years and is usually advanced by the time symptoms occur, generally in middle age. Acute coronary and cerebrovascular events frequently occur suddenly, and are often fatal before medical care can be given. Modifi cation of risk factors has been shown to reduce mortality and morbidity in people with diagnosed or undiagnosed cardiovascular disease. Several forms of therapy can prevent coronary, cerebral and peripheral vascular events. Decisions about whether to initiate specific preventive action, and with what degree of intensity, should be guided by estimation of the risk of any such vascular event. The risk prediction charts that accompany these guidelines allow treatment to be targeted according to simple predictions of absolute cardiovascular risk.Major cardiovascular risk factors through changes in lifestyle and prophylactic drug therapies. The guidelines provide a framework for the development of national guidance on prevention of cardiovascular disease that takes into account the particular political, economic, social and medical circumstances.

Cardiovascular Medicine
Cardiovascular Medicine is the foremost comprehensive supplier of cardiovascular services specializing within the prevention, detection, management and treatment of grown-up cardiovascular maladies. It could be a stage for postgraduate instruction and logical work within the areas of cardiology, angiology, hypertension and cardiac and vascular surgery.

Interventional cardiology
Interventional cardiology treats cardiovascular disease using multiple non-surgical procedures. The doctors who perform these procedures are board-certified cardiologists particularly at a hospital in a cardiac catheterization laboratory. Most of the procedures are done in the cardiovascular (veins, heart and arteries) system. They don’t require any large incisions or instruments entering your body so they are minimally invasive. The incisions made in this procedure are around one inch. The cardiologist inserts a catheter in your upper leg into the femoral artery. He guides the catheter towards your vascular and heart area using real-time x-rays.

CVD Prevention
The appropriate use of cardiovascular imaging to assess the structure and function of the heart is critical to the successful management of any cardiac disorder. Using cardiovascular imaging, cardiologists are able to see inside your body. These images can show the structure of your heart in great detail and show how your blood is flowing through your body. The images help your physician diagnose your heart or vascular condition. Imaging procedures sometimes use ultrasound, x-rays, magnetic field, and advanced computer software to create detailed images of the internal structures of the body or your heart. Some imaging techniques also use a contrast agent, a substance similar to a dye, that makes internal structures more clearly visible to the physician on a computer screen. Other tests, such as ultrasound, use high-frequency sound waves to visualize the blood flow through your arteries

Heart transplantation
A heart transplant is the surgical replacement of a person's ailing heart with a solid donor's heart. The giver may be a individual who has died and whose family has agreed to donate their adored one's organs. In spite of the fact that heart transplant surgery could be a life-saving measure, it has numerous dangers. Cautious observing, treatment, and standard therapeutic care can anticipate or offer assistance oversee a few of these risks. After the surgery, most heart transplant patients can return to their typical levels of action. Be that as it may, less than 30 % return to work for numerous diverse reasons.

Hypertension
High blood pressure may be a common condition in which the long-term force of the blood against your supply route walls is tall enough that it may in the long run cause health problems, such as heart disease. Blood pressure is decided both by the sum of blood your heart pumps and the sum of resistance to blood stream in your arteries. The more blood your heart pumps and the smaller your supply routes, the higher your blood pressure. You can have high blood pressure for a long time without any side effects. Indeed without side effects, harm to blood vessels and your heart proceeds and can be identified. Uncontrolled high blood pressure increments your hazard of genuine health problems, counting heart assault and stroke. High blood pressure generally creates over numerous a longtime, and it affects about everybody eventually. Fortunately, tall blood pressure can be easily detected. And once you know you have got tall blood pressure, you'll work with your specialist to control it.

CV Imaging
Using cardiovascular imaging, cardiologists are able to see inside your body. These images can show the structure of your heart in great detail and show how your blood is flowing through your body. The images help your physician diagnose your heart or vascular condition. Imaging procedures sometimes use ultrasound, x-rays, magnetic field, and advanced computer software to create detailed images of the internal structures of the body or your heart. Some imaging techniques also use a contrast agent, a substance similar to a dye, that makes internal structures more clearly visible to the physician on a computer screen. Other tests, such as ultrasound, use high-frequency sound waves to visualize the blood flow through your arteries. These procedures are noninvasive, meaning that the physician does not have to make any incisions, they are relatively painless, and are often performed in an outpatient facility

• Stress test using treadmill
• Exercise stress echocardiography
• Dobutamine stress echocardiography
• Nuclear imaging studies, such as multigated acquisition scan MUGA, positron emission tomography PET, and nuclear exercise stress testing
• Speckle imaging
• 3D transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography
• Tissue Doppler
• Cardiac resynchronization imaging
• Pacemaker optimization under echocardiographic guidance
• Ventricular Septal Defect repair
• Transthoracic echocardiogram
• Transesophageal echocardiogram

Pediatric Cardiology
Pediatric Cardiology is a speciality that addresses heart conditions in babies [including unborn babies], children and teenagers. Paediatric Cardiology treatment in India has greatly evolved in the past few years and has helped thousands of children to lead normal lives today.pediatric cardiac care treatment is provided for structural, functional, and rhythm-related problems of the heart and a high degree of success is achieved. With adept Clinicians who are trained at the top centres in the world.

• Atrial Septal Defect repair A defect between the heart two upper chambers called the atria
• Ventricular Septal Defect repair A defect between the heart two lower chambers called the ventricles
• Coarctation of Aorta repair :a birth defect that results in the narrowing of part of the aorta (the major artery leading out of the heart).
• Patent Ductus Arteriosus closure : an abnormal circulation of blood between two of the major arteries of the heart - the aorta and the pulmonary artery.
• Tetralogy of Fallot treatment : a common cause of "blue babies".

Cardio-oncology
A careful understanding of onco -cardiology or cardio-oncology is basic for the successful treatment of cancer patients. Essentially all antineoplastic specialists are related with cardio toxicity. All patients who are being considered for chemotherapy, particularly those who have earlier history of cardiac disease ought to experience point by point cardiovascular assessment to optimize the treatment. Serial examination of left ventricular systolic work and cardiac biomarkers might moreover be considered within the chosen populaces of quiet. Cardio-toxic impacts of chemotherapy can be diminished by the visit utilize of angiotensin-converting inhibitors of enzyme, angiotensin receptor blockers, or beta-blockers. Antiplatelet or anticoagulation treatment can be taken in patients with a potential hyper-coagulable state related with chemotherapy or cancer.

Thrombosis
A thrombus is a blood clot in the vascular system (circulatory system). It stays attached to the site where it was formed and impedes blood flow.Under these circumstances, a person is said to be experiencing a thrombosis.A thrombus is more likely to occur in people who are immobile, and who are genetically predisposed to blood clotting. A thrombus can also form if an artery, vein, or surrounding tissue is damaged.

• Arterial thrombosis: Arterial thrombosis is a blood clot in an artery, which can be very serious because it can stop blood reaching important organs.Arteries are blood vessels that carry blood from the heart to the rest of the body and the heart muscle.

Commotio Cordis
Commotio cordis may be a Latin meaning "agitation of the heart". It is defined as sudden cardiac death auxiliary to generally low-impact limit injury to the front chest wall. Sudden cardiac death following chest injury has been detailed within the therapeutic writing since the center of the 18th century within the setting of chest trauma among workers . Whereas the precise frequency of these nonstructural cardiac wounds is obscure, generally due to under-reporting of cases, commotio cordis has been detailed as the second most common cause of sudden death in athletes, particularly in baseball and hockey players (sports with limit shots) and football players (a sport with more physical body contact). Young males are basically affected.

Artificial intelligence in cardiology
The concept of AI has been in utilized for more than some of decades in cardiology. AI, in its broadest forms, can be categorized as limit or common forms of AI. Narrow AI is broadly utilized in computer systems to carry out specific tasks. An example in cardiology is an implantable cardioverter defibrillator for patients who are at hazard for sudden cardiac passing, as the ICD has built-in insights to identify abnormal heart rhythms and deliver a shock to treat the patient. Many implantable devices with their sensors have started to utilize advanced algorithms to predict and subsequently prevent HF.

Echocardiography
ECG (electrocardiography) could be a strategy of collecting electrical signals produced by the heart. This permits us to get it the level of physiological excitement that somebody is encountering, but it can too be utilized to way better get it someone’s psychological state. Below we’ll go through the significance of physiological excitement in feelings, the physiology of the heart, how the action can be measured, and what parameters are of intrigued.

Cardiac Devices
Many cardiac devices are designed to control irregular heartbeats in people with heart rhythm disorders. These inconsistencies are caused by issues with the heart’s electrical system, which signals the heart to contract and pump blood all through the body. These devices are pacemakers, implantable cardioverter defibrillators, or ICDs, and implanted heart rhythm monitors called loop recorders.

Invasive And Noninvasive Monitoring
The purpose of checking of the patient in an intensive care unit (ICU) is to move forward quiet care, like bringing approximately a change in the treatment or exchange of the quiet to a step-down unit. Observing too appears the degree of compliance with a formulated standard of care or the degree of deviation from the anticipated standard of care. The observing utilized for a persistent admitted to an ICU can be invasive or noninvasive. Invasive checking in an ICU incorporates blood vessel blood weight, transesophageal Doppler, central venous pressure (CVP) measurement, aspiratory course catheterization, blood vessel blood gas (ABG) analysis and measurement of intracranial weight (ICP) and intra-abdominal pressure (IAP). Observing of the physiologic parameters depends on the fundamental illness of the patient and the availability of hardware within the ICU.

Cardiac & Cardiovascular Research
Cardiovascular Research is to memorize the fundamental, translational, and clinical research of cardiovascular diseases. Cardiovascular diseases, counting congestive heart failure, hypertension, atherosclerosis, stroke, aneurysms, and vascular auto-immune diseases are the foremost common cause of death and disability within the United States, and account for around 30% of deaths and health care costs yearly in this country and developed societies. The mission of Cardiovascular Research is to support interdisciplinary research in essential, translational and clinical cardiovascular sciences, including cardiovascular development, work, pathophysiology, pharmacology, hereditary qualities, genomics, and proteomics, and to apply this information to way better get it the causes of cardiovascular diseases and to pioneer improvement of modern imaginative treatments and approaches to anticipate or treat them

Cardiac Surgery and Robotic Heart Surgery
Robotically-assisted heart surgery, moreover called closed-chest heart surgery, may be a type of negligibly intrusive heart surgery performed by a cardiac specialist. The specialist employments a specially-designed computer console to control surgical rebellious on lean mechanical arms. Robotically-assisted surgery has changed the way certain heart operations are being performed. This technology permits specialists to perform certain types of complex heart surgeries with smaller incisions and precise motion control, offering patients improved outcomes.