Cancer Stem Cells and Metastasis
Cancer stem cells represent a subpopulation of tumour cells endowed with self-renewal and multi-lineage differentiation capacity but also with an innate resistance to cytotoxic agents, a feature likely to pose major clinical challenges towards the complete eradication of the minimal residual disease in cancer patients. Operationally, cancer stem cells are defined by their tumour-propagating ability when serially transplanted into immune-compromised mice and by their capacity to fully recapitulate the original heterogeneity of cell types observed in the primary lesions they are derived from. Cancer stem cells were first identified in haematopoietic malignancies and later in a broad spectrum of solid tumours.

Cancer Nanotechnology
The use of nanotechnology in cancer treatment offers some exciting possibilities, including the possibility of destroying cancer tumours. Cancer is a group of diseases which is driven by inherently Nanostructural problems. As such as there are obvious benefits to treatments employing Nanoscale structures and processes. Nanotechnology holds a great promise for cancer therapy, diagnostics, and imaging, but bridging the translational gap presents a complex challenge. Nanotechnology platforms can provide a unique niche within this space by enabling multimodal delivery with a single application.

Stem Cell Epigenetics
Epigenetic mechanisms have emerged as main key players in cancer development which affect cellular states at multiple stages of the disease. Compelling the evidence has demonstrated that bulk tumours can arise from a unique subset of cells commonly termed cancer stem cells that have been proposed to be a strong driving force of tumorigenesis and a key of a mechanism of therapeutic resistance. Recent advances in this epigenomics have illuminated key mechanisms by which epigenetic regulation contribute to this cancer progression. The deregulation of various epigenetic pathways can contribute to cancer initiation and tumorigenesis, particularly with respect to the maintenance and survival of cancer stem cells.

Diseases and Stem Cell Treatment
The stem cell technologies have become an increasingly attractive option to investigate and treat neurodegenerative diseases. Neurodegenerative diseases are been characterized by the loss of neurons in the brain or spinal cord. An acute neurodegeneration may result, such as stroke or trauma, leading to a localized loss of neurons at the site of injury. Chronic neurodegeneration may develop over a long period of time and results in the loss of neuronal populations. In the brain, Alzheimer’s disease, Huntington’s disease results in widespread loss of neurons, while Parkinson’s disease involves the specific and localized loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra.

Stem Cell Biomarkers
This study aims to identify Cancer Stem Cells biomarkers and their expression pattern in human head and neck carcinomas. In addition, solid tumours have recently been found to contain small proportions of cells that are capable of proliferation, self-renewal, and differentiation into the various cell types seen in a bulk tumour. The proliferating mitotic cells, sparing the slow-cycling cells that eventually evade chemotherapy and become the source of post-therapy relapses. These cells are also very highly resistant to conventional therapeutic reagents. These subsets of cancer cells are usually referred to as cancer stem cells, exhibits stem cell phenotypes.

Cancer Awareness and Survival
Cancer survival rates vary by the type of cancer, stage at diagnosis, treatment is given and many other factors, including country. All types of cancer awareness is an effort to raise awareness and reduce the stigma of cancer cells through education on symptoms and treatment. On World Cancer Day (4 February) who highlights that cancer is no longer needs to be a death sentence, as the capacity exists to reduce its burden and improve the awareness, survival and quality of life of people living with the disease. Cancer prevention and control in the context of an approach lays out to be a clear map to realize the potential for prevention, early diagnosis, prompt treatment and palliative care for people with cancer.

Cell & Organ Regeneration
The regenerative medicine is the promised paradigm of replacement and repair of damaged or senescent tissues and building blocks for tissue repair, stem cells have unique and wide-ranging capabilities, thus delineating their potential application to regenerative medicine. The observation that organ-specific stem cells derive all of the different cells within a given tissue has led to the acceptance of a stem cell hierarchy model for tissue development, maintenance, and repair. Organ development and postnatal tissue regeneration have significant implications for a variety of pediatric diseases beyond replacement biology. The molecular biology which deals with the “process of replacing and regenerating human cells”.

Cell Signaling & Cell Communication
Most cell signals are chemical in nature. For example, these prokaryotic organisms have sensors that detect nutrients and help them navigate toward food sources. In this multicellular organisms, growth factors, hormones, neurotransmitters, and extracellular matrix components are some of the many types of chemical signals cells use. These substances can exert their effects locally and they might travel over long distances. The study of this cell communication focuses on how a cell gives and receives messages with its environment and with itself. Indeed, cells do not live in isolation. Their survival will depend on receiving and processing information from the outside environment.

Cellular Plasticity And Reprogramming
It has traditionally been accepted that, in the process of cellular differentiation, developmental options are progressively restricted until the commitment to a specific fate is established and then only terminal differentiation along this lineage is possible. Although this is usually the case in normal physiological development, the latest experimental evidence indicates that the differentiated state of mature cells is not always as stable and durable as it was thought to be. In fact, recently a hidden plasticity has been revealed in differentiated cells which allows them to deviate to other cell types that might be, functionally, very far away in other developmental pathways. This plasticity has biological significance.

Clinical Trials on Cell & Gene Therapy
The main objective of gene therapy for the treatment of cancer is to kill tumour cells but preserve normal tissue; therefore, the ideal gene therapy agent would be targeted for specific transduction of tumour cells and have specificity in its cytotoxic action and this gene therapy evolved from the initial observation that certain diseases are caused by the inheritance of a single functionally defective gene. Theoretically, diseases caused by a genetic defect could be treated and potentially cured by the insertion and expression of a normal copy of the mutant or deleted the gene in host cells. The idea of gene replacement therapy represents the basic structure behind therapeutic approaches to monogenic disease.

Re-Evaluating Strategies for Transplantation of stem cells
Stem cells are the body’s raw materials cells from which all other cells with specialized functions will be generated. Under the conditions in the body stem cells divide to form more cells, called daughter cells. These daughter cells either can become new stem cells called self-renewal cells. The differentiation with a more specific function. Stem cells are special and no other cell in the body has the natural ability to generate new cell types. Stem cells transplant is also known as a bone marrow transplant. Stem cells from cord blood have been successfully used in clinical trials to treat cancer and blood-related diseases.

Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
Tissue engineering holds the promise of revolutionizing healthcare by providing artificially developed tissues and organs substitutes on demand. Tissue engineering is continuously evolving assimilating all the inputs from adjacent scientific areas and their technological advances, including nanotechnology developments that have been spawning the range of available options for the exact manipulation and control of cells and cellular environments. There are many applications of Tissue engineering but majorly they used in Organ Transplantations and Therapeutic Cloning like Bio Artificial liver device, artificial pancreas, artificial bladders, and Cartilage and so on. When there is damage to our body cells or organs we can make use of tissue engineering techniques to overcome the damage by replacing the old cell.

Stem Cell Embryology
Embryonic stem cells are the stem cells derived from undifferentiated inner mass cells of a human embryo. Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent, meaning they are able to grow into all their derivatives of the three primary germ layers: ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm. They can develop into 200+ cell types of the adult body as long as they are specified to do so. Embryonic stem cells are distinguished by only two distinctive properties: their pluripotency, and their ability to replicate indefinitely. Candidate Embryonic stem and embryonic germ cell lines from the human blastocyst and embryonic gonad can differentiate into multiple types of a somatic cell.

Trends in Cancer Research and Chemotherapy
Current trends in this search for chemical compounds having an inhibitory action on the growth of malignant cells. Trends in Cancer Research and Chemotherapy is a peer-reviewed online open access journal seeking to publish all types of articles on all those aspects of cancer research and chemotherapy, including this pathophysiology, prevention, diagnosis and treatment of cancers and also concerning molecular and cellular biology, genes, epidemiology, and clinical trials which are directly or indirectly related to cancer and chemotherapy. Trends in Cancer Research and Chemotherapy will be shown window of the progress of oncological sciences around the globe and presents research with the objective to serve as the ideal source to educate physicians, dentists, nurses, students, social workers as well as other allied health professionals, patients, and the public for better improvement of current cancer education techniques and solve current problems.

Stem Cells Technology
Our cancer stem cell technology provides a new to discover and approaches to identify the cancer targets that are not susceptible to current cancer therapies. Cancer stem cells represent important potential targets in oncology drug development because they are theorized to be the basis for tumour re-growth, metastasis and resistance to much standard chemotherapy. The ability to specifically target and destroy the cancer stem cells could potentially address an unmet medical need in many hard-to-treat cancers today. Using our Cancer stem cell technology, we can create many antibodies that could target or kill cancer stem cells.

Stem Cell Apoptosis and Signal Transduction
Apoptosis is a highly regulated process of selective cell deletion involved in developing stem cell as we know the potential cells having the ability to self-renewal, differentiation to maintain and control these capacities Apoptosis is very necessary. Apoptosis of stem cells is believed to be a dynamic process which changes in response in environmental conditions. For example, the release of stem cell factor obstructs apoptosis following spinal cord injury, presumably in an attempt to promote tissue repair. Apoptosis of immature microorganisms is accepted to be a dynamic procedure which changes because of its natural conditions.

Regulatory and Reimbursement Issues
In addition to technological and regulatory hurdles for the development of personalized medicine in oncology, reimbursement hurdles also exist. The appropriation of new Biomarker testicles for deadliest illnesses like a malignant growth. On the off chance that specific tests are not acknowledged by the administrative bodies and insurance agencies.

Stem Cell Therapies
The therapeutic limitations of this conventional chemotherapeutic drugs present a challenge for cancer therapy; these shortcomings are largely attributed to the ability of cancer cells to repopulate and metastasize after initial therapies. Cancer stem cells have been defined as cells within a tumour that possess the capacity to self-renew and to cause the heterogeneous lineages of cancer cells that comprise a tumour. They have been identified in blood, breast, brain, colon, melanoma, pancreatic, prostate, ovarian, lung cancers and in other types of cancers. It is often considered to be associated with chemo-resistance and radio-resistance that lead to the failure of traditional therapies. Most therapies are directed at the fast-growing tumour mass but not the slow-dividing cancer stem cells. Annihilating cancer stem cells, the root of cancer origin and recurrence has been thought as a promising approach to improve cancer survival or even to cure cancer patients.

Tumour Cell Science
Tumour is a mass of abnormal tissue that arises without obvious cause from pre-existing body cells, has no purposeful function, and is characterized by a tendency to independent and unrestrained growth. Tumours are been quite different from inflammatory or other swellings because the cells in tumours are abnormal in appearance and other characteristics. The common specific definition of malignancy implies an inherent tendency of the tumour’s cells to metastasize and eventually to kill the patient unless all these malignant cells can be eradicated.

Stem Cells and Veterinary Applications
The process of this regeneration occurs as a result of dedifferentiation of the cells at the amputation site into a mass of stem-like cells. This blastema then reforms into all the components of the missing limbs: bones, muscles, nerves, and blood vessels. The stem cell field in veterinary medicine continues to evolve rapidly with both experimentally and clinically. Stem cells are been most commonly used in clinical veterinary medicine in therapeutic applications for the treatment of musculoskeletal injuries in horses and dogs and so on. New technologies of assisted reproduction are being developed to apply the properties of spermatogonial stem cells to preserve imperilled animal species same methods can be used to generate these transgenic animals for the production of pharmaceuticals or for use as biomedical models.